二進(jìn)制文件是包含僅以位和字節(jié)(0和1)的形式存儲(chǔ)的信息的文件。它們不是人類可讀的,因?yàn)樗械淖止?jié)轉(zhuǎn)換為包含許多其他不可打印字符的字符和符號(hào)。嘗試使用任何文本編輯器讀取二進(jìn)制文件將顯示如?和e的字符。
二進(jìn)制文件必須由特定程序讀取才能使用。例如,Microsoft Word程序的二進(jìn)制文件只能通過Word程序讀取到人類可讀的形式。這表示,除了人類可讀的文本之外,還有更多的信息,例如字符和頁碼等的格式化,它們也與字母數(shù)字字符一起存儲(chǔ)。最后一個(gè)二進(jìn)制文件是一個(gè)連續(xù)的字節(jié)序列。我們?cè)谖谋疚募锌吹降膿Q行符是連接第一行到下一行的字符。
有時(shí),由其他程序生成的數(shù)據(jù)需要由R作為二進(jìn)制文件處理。另外,R語言是創(chuàng)建可以與其他程序共享的二進(jìn)制文件所必需的。
R語言有兩個(gè)函數(shù)WriteBin()和readBin()來創(chuàng)建和讀取二進(jìn)制文件。
writeBin(object, con) readBin(con, what, n )
以下是所使用的參數(shù)的描述 -
con 是讀取或?qū)懭攵M(jìn)制文件的連接對(duì)象。
object 是要寫入的二進(jìn)制文件。
what - 是像字符,整數(shù)等代表字節(jié)模式被讀取。
n 是從二進(jìn)制文件讀取的字節(jié)數(shù)。
我們考慮R語言內(nèi)置數(shù)據(jù)“mtcars”。 首先,我們從它創(chuàng)建一個(gè)csv文件,并將其轉(zhuǎn)換為二進(jìn)制文件,并將其存儲(chǔ)為操作系統(tǒng)文件。 接下來我們讀取這個(gè)創(chuàng)建的二進(jìn)制文件。
我們將數(shù)據(jù)幀“mtcars”讀取為csv文件,然后將其作為二進(jìn)制文件寫入操作系統(tǒng)。
# Read the "mtcars" data frame as a csv file and store only the columns "cyl", "am" and "gear". write.table(mtcars, file = "mtcars.csv",row.names = FALSE, na = "", col.names = TRUE, sep = ",") # Store 5 records from the csv file as a new data frame. new.mtcars <- read.table("mtcars.csv",sep = ",",header = TRUE,nrows = 5) # Create a connection object to write the binary file using mode "wb". write.filename = file("/web/com/binmtcars.dat", "wb") # Write the column names of the data frame to the connection object. writeBin(colnames(new.mtcars), write.filename) # Write the records in each of the column to the file. writeBin(c(new.mtcars$cyl,new.mtcars$am,new.mtcars$gear), write.filename) # Close the file for writing so that it can be read by other program. close(write.filename)
上面創(chuàng)建的二進(jìn)制文件將所有數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)為連續(xù)字節(jié)。 因此,我們將通過選擇適當(dāng)?shù)牧忻Q值和列值來讀取它。
# Create a connection object to read the file in binary mode using "rb". read.filename <- file("/web/com/binmtcars.dat", "rb") # First read the column names. n = 3 as we have 3 columns. column.names <- readBin(read.filename, character(), n = 3) # Next read the column values. n = 18 as we have 3 column names and 15 values. read.filename <- file("/web/com/binmtcars.dat", "rb") bindata <- readBin(read.filename, integer(), n = 18) # Print the data. print(bindata) # Read the values from 4th byte to 8th byte which represents "cyl". cyldata = bindata[4:8] print(cyldata) # Read the values form 9th byte to 13th byte which represents "am". amdata = bindata[9:13] print(amdata) # Read the values form 9th byte to 13th byte which represents "gear". geardata = bindata[14:18] print(geardata) # Combine all the read values to a dat frame. finaldata = cbind(cyldata, amdata, geardata) colnames(finaldata) = column.names print(finaldata)
當(dāng)我們執(zhí)行上面的代碼,它產(chǎn)生以下結(jié)果和圖表 -
[1] 7108963 1728081249 7496037 6 6 4 [7] 6 8 1 1 1 0 [13] 0 4 4 4 3 3 [1] 6 6 4 6 8 [1] 1 1 1 0 0 [1] 4 4 4 3 3 cyl am gear [1,] 6 1 4 [2,] 6 1 4 [3,] 4 1 4 [4,] 6 0 3 [5,] 8 0 3
正如我們所看到的,我們通過讀取R中的二進(jìn)制文件得到原始數(shù)據(jù)。
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