接口是實(shí)體應(yīng)遵循的語(yǔ)法約定。換句話(huà)說(shuō),接口定義了任何實(shí)體必須遵守的語(yǔ)法。
接口定義屬性,方法和事件,它們是接口的成員。接口僅包含成員的聲明。定義成員是派生類(lèi)的責(zé)任。它往往有助于提供派生類(lèi)將遵循的一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)結(jié)構(gòu)。
讓我們考慮一個(gè)對(duì)象:
var person = { FirstName:"Tom", LastName:"Hanks", sayHi: ()=>{ return "Hi"} };
如果我們考慮對(duì)象的簽名,它可能是:
{ FirstName:string, LastName:string, sayHi()=>string }
要在對(duì)象之間重用簽名,我們可以將其定義為接口。
interface關(guān)鍵字用來(lái)聲明接口。下面是聲明接口的語(yǔ)法:
interface interface_name { }
interface IPerson { firstName:string, lastName:string, sayHi: ()=>string } var customer:IPerson = { firstName:"Tom", lastName:"Hanks", sayHi: ():string =>{return "Hi there"} } console.log("Customer Object ") console.log(customer.firstName) console.log(customer.lastName) console.log(customer.sayHi()) var employee:IPerson = { firstName:"Jim", lastName:"Blakes", sayHi: ():string =>{return "Hello!!!"} } console.log("Employee Object ") console.log(employee.firstName) console.log(employee.lastName)
該示例定義一個(gè)接口??蛻?hù)對(duì)象的類(lèi)型為IPerson。因此,它現(xiàn)在將綁定到對(duì)象上,以定義接口指定的所有屬性。
具有以下簽名的另一個(gè)對(duì)象仍被視為IPerson,因?yàn)樵搶?duì)象由其大小或簽名處理。
在編譯時(shí),它會(huì)生成以下JavaScript代碼。
//Generated by typescript 1.8.10 var customer = { firstName: "Tom", lastName: "Hanks", sayHi: function () { return "Hi there"; } }; console.log("Customer Object "); console.log(customer.firstName); console.log(customer.lastName); console.log(customer.sayHi()); var employee = { firstName: "Jim", lastName: "Blakes", sayHi: function () { return "Hello!!!"; } }; console.log("Employee Object "); console.log(employee.firstName); console.log(employee.lastName);
上述例子代碼的輸出如下:
Customer object Tom Hanks Hi there Employee object Jim Blakes Hello!!!
接口不能轉(zhuǎn)換為JavaScript。它只是TypeScript的一部分。如果您看到TS Playground工具的屏幕截圖,則在聲明與類(lèi)不同的接口時(shí),不會(huì)發(fā)出任何java腳本。因此,接口對(duì)運(yùn)行時(shí)JavaScript的影響為零。
下面的例子顯示使用聯(lián)合類(lèi)型和接口:
interface RunOptions { program:string; commandline:string[]|string|(()=>string); } //commandline as string var options:RunOptions = {program:"test1",commandline:"Hello"}; console.log(options.commandline) //commandline as a string array options = {program:"test1",commandline:["Hello","World"]}; console.log(options.commandline[0]); console.log(options.commandline[1]); //commandline as a function expression options = {program:"test1",commandline:()=>{return "**Hello World**";}}; var fn:any = options.commandline; console.log(fn());
在編譯時(shí),它會(huì)生成以下JavaScript代碼。
//Generated by typescript 1.8.10 //commandline as string var options = { program: "test1", commandline: "Hello" }; console.log(options.commandline); //commandline as a string array options = { program: "test1", commandline: ["Hello", "World"] }; console.log(options.commandline[0]); console.log(options.commandline[1]); //commandline as a function expression options = { program: "test1", commandline: function () { return "**Hello World**"; } }; var fn = options.commandline; console.log(fn());
它的輸出如下:
Hello Hello World **Hello World**
接口可以定義數(shù)組使用的密鑰類(lèi)型以及它包含的條目類(lèi)型。索引可以是string類(lèi)型或number類(lèi)型。
interface namelist { [index:number]:string } var list2:namelist = ["John",1,"Bran"] //Error. 1 is not type string interface ages { [index:string]:number } var agelist:ages; agelist["John"] = 15 // Ok agelist[2] = "nine" // Error
接口可以通過(guò)其它接口進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展。換句話(huà)說(shuō),接口可以從其他接口繼承。TypeScript允許接口從多個(gè)接口繼承。
使用extends關(guān)鍵字來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)接口之間的繼承。
Child_interface_name extends super_interface_name
Child_interface_name extends super_interface1_name, super_interface2_name,…,super_interfaceN_name
interface Person { age:number } interface Musician extends Person { instrument:string } var drummer = <Musician>{}; drummer.age = 27 drummer.instrument = "Drums" console.log("Age: "+drummer.age) console.log("Instrument: "+drummer.instrument)
在編譯時(shí),它會(huì)生成以下JavaScript代碼。
//Generated by typescript 1.8.10 var drummer = {}; drummer.age = 27; drummer.instrument = "Drums"; console.log("Age: " + drummer.age); console.log("Instrument: " + drummer.instrument);
它的輸出如下:
Age: 27 Instrument: Drums
interface IParent1 { v1:number } interface IParent2 { v2:number } interface Child extends IParent1, IParent2 { } var Iobj:Child = { v1:12, v2:23} console.log("value 1: "+this.v1+" value 2: "+this.v2)
對(duì)象Iobj的類(lèi)型為接口leaf?;诶^承的接口leaf現(xiàn)在分別有兩個(gè)屬性v和v2。因此,對(duì)象Iobj現(xiàn)在必須包含這些屬性。
在編譯時(shí),它會(huì)生成以下JavaScript代碼。
//Generated by typescript 1.8.10 var Iobj = { v1: 12, v2: 23 }; console.log("value 1: " + this.v1 + " value 2: " + this.v2);
上面的代碼的輸出如下:
value 1: 12 value 2: 23
更多建議: