安全遠(yuǎn)程購買

目前，遠(yuǎn)程采購商品需要多方相互信任。最簡單的配置涉及賣方和買方。買方希望從賣方那里收到一件物品，而賣方希望得到金錢（或等價物）作為回報。有問題的部分是這里的貨物：無法確定該物品是否到達(dá)了買家手中。

有多種方法可以解決這個問題，但都以一種或另一種方式達(dá)不到要求。在以下示例中，雙方必須將項(xiàng)目價值的兩倍作為托管服務(wù)存入合同。一旦發(fā)生這種情況，這筆錢將被鎖定在合同中，直到買家確認(rèn)他們收到了物品。之后，買方將獲得價值（押金的一半），賣方獲得三倍的價值（押金加上價值）。這背后的想法是，雙方都有解決問題的動力，否則他們的錢將被永遠(yuǎn)鎖定。

該合約當(dāng)然不能解決問題，但概述了如何在合約中使用類似狀態(tài)機(jī)的構(gòu)造。

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
contract Purchase {
    uint public value;
    address payable public seller;
    address payable public buyer;

    enum State { Created, Locked, Release, Inactive }
    // The state variable has a default value of the first member, `State.created`
    State public state;

    modifier condition(bool condition_) {
        require(condition_);
        _;
    }

    /// Only the buyer can call this function.
    error OnlyBuyer();
    /// Only the seller can call this function.
    error OnlySeller();
    /// The function cannot be called at the current state.
    error InvalidState();
    /// The provided value has to be even.
    error ValueNotEven();

    modifier onlyBuyer() {
        if (msg.sender != buyer)
            revert OnlyBuyer();
        _;
    }

    modifier onlySeller() {
        if (msg.sender != seller)
            revert OnlySeller();
        _;
    }

    modifier inState(State state_) {
        if (state != state_)
            revert InvalidState();
        _;
    }

    event Aborted();
    event PurchaseConfirmed();
    event ItemReceived();
    event SellerRefunded();

    // Ensure that `msg.value` is an even number.
    // Division will truncate if it is an odd number.
    // Check via multiplication that it wasn't an odd number.
    constructor() payable {
        seller = payable(msg.sender);
        value = msg.value / 2;
        if ((2 * value) != msg.value)
            revert ValueNotEven();
    }

    /// Abort the purchase and reclaim the ether.
    /// Can only be called by the seller before
    /// the contract is locked.
    function abort()
        external
        onlySeller
        inState(State.Created)
    {
        emit Aborted();
        state = State.Inactive;
        // We use transfer here directly. It is
        // reentrancy-safe, because it is the
        // last call in this function and we
        // already changed the state.
        seller.transfer(address(this).balance);
    }

    /// Confirm the purchase as buyer.
    /// Transaction has to include `2 * value` ether.
    /// The ether will be locked until confirmReceived
    /// is called.
    function confirmPurchase()
        external
        inState(State.Created)
        condition(msg.value == (2 * value))
        payable
    {
        emit PurchaseConfirmed();
        buyer = payable(msg.sender);
        state = State.Locked;
    }

    /// Confirm that you (the buyer) received the item.
    /// This will release the locked ether.
    function confirmReceived()
        external
        onlyBuyer
        inState(State.Locked)
    {
        emit ItemReceived();
        // It is important to change the state first because
        // otherwise, the contracts called using `send` below
        // can call in again here.
        state = State.Release;

        buyer.transfer(value);
    }

    /// This function refunds the seller, i.e.
    /// pays back the locked funds of the seller.
    function refundSeller()
        external
        onlySeller
        inState(State.Release)
    {
        emit SellerRefunded();
        // It is important to change the state first because
        // otherwise, the contracts called using `send` below
        // can call in again here.
        state = State.Inactive;

        seller.transfer(3 * value);
    }
}